The Ultimate Digital Nomad Growth Hacking Secrets Unveiled From Fiverr Team

The Ultimate Digital Nomad Growth Hacking Secrets Unveiled From Fiverr Team On November 21, 2016 17 When most people think of a digital nomad they think of the well-traveled web worker, blogging tirelessly at his laptop while sipping an ice-cold drink on a pristine beach. Sounds like a dream come true, right? In all actuality, digital nomads are living the kind of life many of us dream about: working remotely from anywhere in the world. Traveling and taking in the sights, sounds and tastes of a new culture is exciting, and it’s easy to see why this fast-growing opportunity is so attractive. Digital nomads aren’t rooted to a specific country, language, or lifestyle. At their core, they’re free – and freedom is what it’s all about. But being a digital nomad also comes with its challenges. How do you keep in touch with clients remotely? How can you manage to stay productive? And perhaps more critically, where will you stay and how will you continue to grow your business? We’ve compiled the ultimate guide to embracing the digital nomad lifestyle, complete with actionable steps you can take to get started down this unusual but highly gratifying path. Let’s take a closer look: Digital Nomad Challenges and Growth Hacking Secrets One of the biggest perceived obstacles to embracing the digital nomad lifestyle is the skill ceiling. Just because you can type and operate a few basic office applications won’t guarantee you’ll be able to thrive as a digital nomad. The truth is, there are people right now living in exotic countries, but barely scraping by. Conversely, there are people making quite a bit of money, but they’re chained to their cubicle desks, dreaming their life away. Digital nomads have the potential to be the perfect balance to these two extremes—but there are some basic requirements. Finding a Place to Live, Work and Play In this day and age, there are far better methods to decide where you’ll go than spinning a globe and packing your bags for wherever your finger happens to land. Smart digital nomads know that research, resourcefulness, and preparedness are key—and that includes planning ahead. Check out websites such as nomadlist or teleport for a list of the best cities to live in and work remotely from according to specific personal preferences. Once you’ve narrowed down the list, it’s time to book your flight. Get the lowest price on a flight as well as travel deals direct to your mobile device using the Hitlist app and you’ll be well on your way to starting your digital nomad journey. Accommodation – Where Will You Stay? While many people envision the digital nomad lifestyle as sitting on a beach chair as the waves roll in, the truth is not quite so glamorous. For one thing, you’ll start to feel it in your wrists and neck if you start using your laptop for more than a couple hours in such an odd position. Secondly, the sand and salty sea air can really do a number on your laptop. That’s why you’ll want to look into reliable accommodations before you even book your plane tickets. Depending on your knowledge of the local language, you may be able to check bulletin boards, and of course, Airbnb. Even if you can afford nice accommodations, it may be worth staying a night or two in a hostel simply to meet people (and practice those language skills if you’re feeling a bit rusty!) Working as a digital nomad can cut back considerably on how often you connect with people, so don’t hesitate to browse sites like MeetUp for some local activities that pique your interest. Once you have your accommodations squared away, there comes the big issue — where will you work? What if you need to meet with clients or need to copy, print, scan or fax something? While the image many people have in their mind of “digital nomads” is one person with a lone laptop to travel the world unencumbered, the truth is that sometimes you need technology or just a quiet, secure space to work. The good news is that thanks to the rising growth of digital nomad-style working, sites like WeWork.com have cropped up to meet demand. WeWork essentially lets you rent a desk and storage locker on demand in many different countries. Want something more sophisticated? You can book an entire conference room to meet with and impress potential clients, or book your own private office. Concerned about internet connectivity where you’re going? WeWork has hard-wired Ethernet and Wi-Fi. Need a pick-me-up? Every office location has free coffee, tea, beer and fruit water to keep you hydrated and energized. With offices across the U.S. as well as big cities like Sydney, Paris, London and Berlin, you can give your customers the impression of an international brand even if you have a shoestring budget. Don’t want to rent an office space but still want all the benefits of online connectivity? A simple USB Ethernet adapter can offer you improved speeds over sluggish (or non-existent) Wi-Fi connections. Resources Best locations: nomadlist.com or teleport.org Cheap flights: hitlistapp.com Reliable accommodations: airbnb.com Local activities: meetup.com Working space: wework.com Share this! Planning ahead is key! Find the best cities where to live and work remotely via the Nomad List, the world N1 digital nomad community [Tweet This] Money – How Will You Manage It? When traveling and working in another country, you’ll inevitably have to learn how to work with the local currency. That means getting paid, exchanging currency and learning about local tax laws. While it may not be the most glamorous part of being a digital nomad, there are some points you’ll want to keep in mind to make the process as smooth and seamless as possible. Check the local laws of the country you’ll be residing in to see if there are trade or taxation agreements that would apply in your case. In some cases, there are double taxation treaty agreements in place which may apply to you if you’re earning income in one country but end up paying taxes on it twice — once in the country where you made the profit, and again locally. If a client needs to pay you in a different currency from their local one, then you’ll need an online currency converter tool like oanda as well as an online money transfer system such as TransferWise which is a great option for cross-currency payments. From a tax point of view, you’ll also want to have a “stable” address while on the move. Services like the Traveling Mailbox provide mail scanning services where you can tell the provider to open, scan, forward or shred your mail and parcels. It also works beautifully with online organization systems like Evernote, Dropbox and Bill.com Resources Online currency converter: oanda.com Virtual mail box: travelingmailbox.com Transfer money online: transferwise.com Online business bill pay solution: bill.com Share this! Get access to your mail directly online! The Traveling Mailbox offers all the online mail management solutions a digital nomad needs, no matter where you are! [Tweet This] Business – How Can You Grow It? When you think of growing an online business, no matter where you are, you think of productivity. But for digital nomads, productivity simply isn’t enough. You have to be efficient and resourceful. You’re not always going to have a Wi-Fi connection or if you do, it could be painfully slow. You may also need other tools like a printer or scanner. Remember that even if you’re traveling to a modern, first-world country, there will be gorgeous, albeit remote, locales where internet connectivity has the speed of molasses moving uphill. Fortunately, digital nomads have perfected the art of growth hacking, which allows them to scale their business remotely while ensuring that their clients enjoy the best possible experience. For example, team meetings can be handled easily over Skype or Join.me as well as Google Hangouts. You can schedule meetings more efficiently across multiple time zones using the built-in World Clock feature of Google Calendar and send large files through services like Dropbox or WeTransfer If you’re having trouble getting a SIM card, you can easily buy an unlocked cell phone over Amazon and stay organized by creating and syncing to-do lists from anywhere using services like Todoist. Depending on where you’re traveling to, you can use a site like SpeedTest or MapLatency to check the internet speed and bandwidth in the area you’re traveling to. Having this kind of knowledge ahead of time will help you plan your schedule accordingly. Not only does this allow you the freedom to enjoy the digital nomad lifestyle, but do so in a way that perfectly complements your business and keeps you on track to reach your goals. Many digital nomads plan to spend a few days in a major city or tourist hub, buckling down and cutting through their workload, and then unplugging and heading out to the outskirts to do a bit of sightseeing. The key to becoming a successful digital nomad means knowing how to use the tools at your disposal and knowing when to turn off the laptop and go exploring. Got a slow connection but you absolutely have to post that new Facebook ad? Social media and online marketing experts on Fiverr are standing by, ready to help in just a few simple clicks. Hire virtual assistants, run email campaigns, develop a content marketing strategy and more by leveraging the expertise of Fiverr professionals around the world to handle some of your workload. Alternatively, you can become a Fiverr professional yourself with only some basic skills at your disposal. Are you fluent in more than one language? Translation of text, audio, and video is always in-demand. Voice overs, logo design, and many more services can be performed from anywhere using the intuitive Fiverr marketplace. It’s up to you to find that all-important balance in work and life – but that doesn’t mean you have to do it all alone. Resources Online meetings: Skype, Join.me or even Google Hangouts Secure file transmission: Dropbox or WeTransfer.com Task manager: Todoist.com Internet speed: Speedtest.net or Maplatency.com Share this! Fiverr offers digital nomads tips and resources to combine entrepreneurship and adventure [Tweet This] You Work to Live, Not Live to Work Remember that your work will expand to fill whatever free time you give it. Because you’re working remotely with your laptop, it can be difficult to turn it off and relax. Add in the issue with time zones and you’ll find that you’re exhausted simply because you have to be “up” when, for example, everyone in the U.S. or Europe is up. This is particularly true of jobs in the customer service or tech support industries, which are demanding enough in themselves without adding an extra layer of difficulty thanks to time differences. Here again, it can pay to divide some of your workload with Fiverr freelancers in those particular locales so that work gets done according to the presumed timetable. Everything from marketing to SEO to social media and much more can be handled with the same care and efficiency that you would apply to your own work — except you get to unplug. This simple but profound act alone can do wonders for your health and stress levels. For digital nomads, finding the right work/life balance can be much more difficult than the typical 9-to-5 worker. When 5:00 rolls around, they pack up their things and leave the office for the day. You may not always get that luxury, which is why it’s so tempting to answer “just one more” email or write “just one more” blog post. Before you know it, it’s dark outside and you realize you haven’t eaten for hours. Maintaining proper work and life balance is essential, so don’t forget to remind yourself to set and establish a routine — which includes getting enough rest. Challenges of the Nomad Life As you can see, becoming a digital nomad isn’t the kind of lifestyle for everyone. But if you love the freedom to be able to work from anywhere while exploring the world, the digital nomad life may be a perfect fit for you. And while you likely won’t lead this kind of lifestyle forever (even the most devoted digital nomads eventually settle down as they age), it can make for some incredible stories and once-in-a-lifetime tales that few people will ever experience. It takes a lot of courage and conviction to break free from the rat race that is your work life. But finally taking that first step and molding your life on your own terms can be incredibly liberating in so many ways — financial, emotional, physical and more. By embracing the digital nomad lifestyle, you’re telling the world that you’d rather carve your own path than walk a more well-trodden trail. That’s what can make all the difference as you forge ahead; building a new life in a new country bursting with new experiences. Now It’s Your Turn… Have you taken the leap to become a digital nomad? How has it impacted your life? Is it everything you’d hoped it would be? Is there anything you’d tell people who are thinking about making this choice in their own lives? Did you encounter any challenges that aren’t listed here? How did you overcome them? We’d love to hear from you. Tell us about your trials and experiences in the comments below! READ NEXT

Famous Scientists Who Believed in God / borrowed---

Famous Scientists Who Believed in God Belief in God Is belief in the existence of God irrational? These days, many famous scientists are also strong proponents of atheism. However, in the past, and even today, many scientists believe that God exists and is responsible for what we see in nature. This is a small sampling of scientists who contributed to the development of modern science while believing in God. Although many people believe in a "God of the gaps", these scientists, and still others alive today, believe because of the evidence. Rich Deem Nicholas Copernicus (1473-1543) Copernicus was the Polish astronomer who put forward the first mathematically based system of planets going around the sun. He attended various European universities, and became a Canon in the Catholic church in 1497. His new system was actually first presented in the Vatican gardens in 1533 before Pope Clement VII who approved, and urged Copernicus to publish it around this time. Copernicus was never under any threat of religious persecution - and was urged to publish both by Catholic Bishop Guise, Cardinal Schonberg, and the Protestant Professor George Rheticus. Copernicus referred sometimes to God in his works, and did not see his system as in conflict with the Bible. Sir Francis Bacon (1561-1627) Bacon was a philosopher who is known for establishing the scientific method of inquiry based on experimentation and inductive reasoning. In De Interpretatione Naturae Prooemium, Bacon established his goals as being the discovery of truth, service to his country, and service to the church. Although his work was based upon experimentation and reasoning, he rejected atheism as being the result of insufficient depth of philosophy, stating, "It is true, that a little philosophy inclineth man’s mind to atheism, but depth in philosophy bringeth men's minds about to religion; for while the mind of man looketh upon second causes scattered, it may sometimes rest in them, and go no further; but when it beholdeth the chain of them confederate, and linked together, it must needs fly to Providence and Deity." (Of Atheism) Johannes Kepler (1571-1630) Kepler was a brilliant mathematician and astronomer. He did early work on light, and established the laws of planetary motion about the sun. He also came close to reaching the Newtonian concept of universal gravity - well before Newton was born! His introduction of the idea of force in astronomy changed it radically in a modern direction. Kepler was an extremely sincere and pious Lutheran, whose works on astronomy contain writings about how space and the heavenly bodies represent the Trinity. Kepler suffered no persecution for his open avowal of the sun-centered system, and, indeed, was allowed as a Protestant to stay in Catholic Graz as a Professor (1595-1600) when other Protestants had been expelled! Galileo Galilei (1564-1642) Galileo is often remembered for his conflict with the Roman Catholic Church. His controversial work on the solar system was published in 1633. It had no proofs of a sun-centered system (Galileo's telescope discoveries did not indicate a moving earth) and his one "proof" based upon the tides was invalid. It ignored the correct elliptical orbits of planets published twenty five years earlier by Kepler. Since his work finished by putting the Pope's favorite argument in the mouth of the simpleton in the dialogue, the Pope (an old friend of Galileo's) was very offended. After the "trial" and being forbidden to teach the sun-centered system, Galileo did his most useful theoretical work, which was on dynamics. Galileo expressly said that the Bible cannot err, and saw his system as an alternate interpretation of the biblical texts. Rene Descartes (1596-1650) Descartes was a French mathematician, scientist and philosopher who has been called the father of modern philosophy. His school studies made him dissatisfied with previous philosophy: He had a deep religious faith as a Roman Catholic, which he retained to his dying day, along with a resolute, passionate desire to discover the truth. At the age of 24 he had a dream, and felt the vocational call to seek to bring knowledge together in one system of thought. His system began by asking what could be known if all else were doubted - suggesting the famous "I think therefore I am". Actually, it is often forgotten that the next step for Descartes was to establish the near certainty of the existence of God - for only if God both exists and would not want us to be deceived by our experiences - can we trust our senses and logical thought processes. God is, therefore, central to his whole philosophy. What he really wanted to see was that his philosophy be adopted as standard Roman Catholic teaching. Rene Descartes and Francis Bacon (1561-1626) are generally regarded as the key figures in the development of scientific methodology. Both had systems in which God was important, and both seem more devout than the average for their era. Blaise Pascal (1623-1662) Love Your God With All Your Mind: The Role of Reason in the Life of the SoulPascal was a French mathematician, physicist, inventor, writer and theologian. In mathematics, he published a treatise on the subject of projective geometry and established the foundation for probability theory. Pascal invented a mechanical calculator, and established the principles of vacuums and the pressure of air. He was raised a Roman Catholic, but in 1654 had a religious vision of God, which turned the direction of his study from science to theology. Pascal began publishing a theological work, Lettres provinciales, in 1656. His most influential theological work, the Pensées ("Thoughts"), was a defense of Christianity, which was published after his death. The most famous concept from Pensées was Pascal's Wager. Pascal's last words were, "May God never abandon me." Isaac Newton (1642-1727) In optics, mechanics, and mathematics, Newton was a figure of undisputed genius and innovation. In all his science (including chemistry) he saw mathematics and numbers as central. What is less well known is that he was devoutly religious and saw numbers as involved in understanding God's plan for history from the Bible. He did a considerable work on biblical numerology, and, though aspects of his beliefs were not orthodox, he thought theology was very important. In his system of physics, God was essential to the nature and absoluteness of space. In Principia he stated, "The most beautiful system of the sun, planets, and comets, could only proceed from the counsel and dominion of an intelligent and powerful Being." Robert Boyle (1791-1867) One of the founders and key early members of the Royal Society, Boyle gave his name to "Boyle's Law" for gases, and also wrote an important work on chemistry. Encyclopedia Britannica says of him: "By his will he endowed a series of Boyle lectures, or sermons, which still continue, 'for proving the Christian religion against notorious infidels...' As a devout Protestant, Boyle took a special interest in promoting the Christian religion abroad, giving money to translate and publish the New Testament into Irish and Turkish. In 1690 he developed his theological views in The Christian Virtuoso, which he wrote to show that the study of nature was a central religious duty." Boyle wrote against atheists in his day (the notion that atheism is a modern invention is a myth), and was clearly much more devoutly Christian than the average in his era. Michael Faraday (1791-1867) Michael Faraday was the son of a blacksmith who became one of the greatest scientists of the 19th century. His work on electricity and magnetism not only revolutionized physics, but led to much of our lifestyles today, which depends on them (including computers and telephone lines and, so, web sites). Faraday was a devoutly Christian member of the Sandemanians, which significantly influenced him and strongly affected the way in which he approached and interpreted nature. Originating from Presbyterians, the Sandemanians rejected the idea of state churches, and tried to go back to a New Testament type of Christianity. Gregor Mendel (1822-1884) Mendel was the first to lay the mathematical foundations of genetics, in what came to be called "Mendelianism". He began his research in 1856 (three years before Darwin published his Origin of Species) in the garden of the Monastery in which he was a monk. Mendel was elected Abbot of his Monastery in 1868. His work remained comparatively unknown until the turn of the century, when a new generation of botanists began finding similar results and "rediscovered" him (though their ideas were not identical to his). An interesting point is that the 1860's was notable for formation of the X-Club, which was dedicated to lessening religious influences and propagating an image of "conflict" between science and religion. One sympathizer was Darwin's cousin Francis Galton, whose scientific interest was in genetics (a proponent of eugenics - selective breeding among humans to "improve" the stock). He was writing how the "priestly mind" was not conducive to science while, at around the same time, an Austrian monk was making the breakthrough in genetics. The rediscovery of the work of Mendel came too late to affect Galton's contribution. William Thomson Kelvin (1824-1907) Kelvin was foremost among the small group of British scientists who helped to lay the foundations of modern physics. His work covered many areas of physics, and he was said to have more letters after his name than anyone else in the Commonwealth, since he received numerous honorary degrees from European Universities, which recognized the value of his work. He was a very committed Christian, who was certainly more religious than the average for his era. Interestingly, his fellow physicists George Gabriel Stokes (1819-1903) and James Clerk Maxwell (1831-1879) were also men of deep Christian commitment, in an era when many were nominal, apathetic, or anti-Christian. The Encyclopedia Britannica says "Maxwell is regarded by most modern physicists as the scientist of the 19th century who had the greatest influence on 20th century physics; he is ranked with Sir Isaac Newton and Albert Einstein for the fundamental nature of his contributions." Lord Kelvin was an Old Earth creationist, who estimated the Earth's age to be somewhere between 20 million and 100 million years, with an upper limit at 500 million years based on cooling rates (a low estimate due to his lack of knowledge about radiogenic heating). Max Planck (1858-1947) Planck made many contributions to physics, but is best known for quantum theory, which revolutionized our understanding of the atomic and sub-atomic worlds. In his 1937 lecture "Religion and Naturwissenschaft," Planck expressed the view that God is everywhere present, and held that "the holiness of the unintelligible Godhead is conveyed by the holiness of symbols." Atheists, he thought, attach too much importance to what are merely symbols. Planck was a churchwarden from 1920 until his death, and believed in an almighty, all-knowing, beneficent God (though not necessarily a personal one). Both science and religion wage a "tireless battle against skepticism and dogmatism, against unbelief and superstition" with the goal "toward God!" Albert Einstein (1879-1955) Einstein is probably the best known and most highly revered scientist of the twentieth century, and is associated with major revolutions in our thinking about time, gravity, and the conversion of matter to energy (E=mc2). Although never coming to belief in a personal God, he recognized the impossibility of a non-created universe. The Encyclopedia Britannica says of him: "Firmly denying atheism, Einstein expressed a belief in "Spinoza's God who reveals himself in the harmony of what exists." This actually motivated his interest in science, as he once remarked to a young physicist: "I want to know how God created this world, I am not interested in this or that phenomenon, in the spectrum of this or that element. I want to know His thoughts, the rest are details." Einstein's famous epithet on the "uncertainty principle" was "God does not play dice" - and to him this was a real statement about a God in whom he believed. A famous saying of his was "Science without religion is lame, religion without science is blind."

Holly Virgin - Santa Virgen

7 days to end october and 9 days of november and it will be 10 years of blogging with just 133 entries not a real effort

blogging, blogger, blog, content, writing, writer.. . . 7 days to end october and 9 days of november and it will be 10 years of blogging with just 133 entries not a real effort . .

Sept 23rd is Our Saint Father Pio of Petrelcina day - San Pio Prayers: English & Espanish

SEPTEMBER 23rd, SAINT FATHER PIO¨S DAY - SOME OF HIS PRAYERS - (ESPAÑOL AL FINAL) Prayer of Pope John Paul II to St. Pio of Pietrelcina Pope John Paul II recited this prayer on the occasion of the canonization of Padre Pio, June 16, 2002. Teach us, we pray, humility of heart, so that we may be counted among the little ones of the Gospel to whom the Father promised to reveal the mysteries of His Kingdom. Help us to pray without ceasing, certain that God knows what we need even before we ask Him. Obtain for us the eyes of faith that will help us recognize in the poor and suffering, the very face of Jesus. Sustain us in the hour of trouble and trial and, if we fall, let us experience the joy of the sacrament of forgiveness. Grant us your tender devotion to Mary, mother of Jesus and our Mother. Accompany us on our earthly pilgrimage toward the blessed Homeland, where we too, hope to arrive to contemplate forever the Glory of the Father, the Son, and the Holy Spirit. Amen St. Francis Prayer Before a Crucifix Most high, glorious God, cast Your light into the darkness of my heart. Give me right faith, firm hope, perfect charity and profound humility, with wisdom and perception, O Lord, so that I may do what is truly Your holy will. Amen. An Act of Consecration Padre Pio prayed this Act of Consecration on the first Saturday of every month. O Mary, Virgin most powerful and Mother of mercy, Queen of heaven and Refuge of sinners, we consecrate ourselves to your Immaculate Heart. We consecrate to you our very being and our whole life; all that we have, all that we love, all that we are. To you we give our bodies, our hearts and our souls; to you we give our homes, our families, our country. We desire that all that is in us and around us may belong to you, and may share in the benefits of your motherly benediction. And that this act of consecration may be truly efficacious and lasting, we renew this day at your feet the promises of our Baptism and our first Holy Communion. We pledge ourselves to profess courageously and at all times the truths, of our Holy Faith,and to live as Catholics who are duly submissive to all the directions of the Pope and the Bishops in communion with him. We pledge ourselves to keep the commandments of God and His Church, in particular to keep holy the Lord’s day. We likewise pledge ourselves to make the consoling practices of the Christian religion, and above all, Holy Communion, an integral part of our lives, in so far as we shall be able to do so. Finally, we promise you, O glorious Mother of God and loving Mother of all, to devote ourselves whole-heartedly to your service, in order to hasten and assure, through the sovereignty of your Immaculate Heart, the coming of the kingdom of the Sacred Heart of your adorable Son, in our own hearts and in the hearts of all, in our country and in all the world, as in heaven, so on earth. Amen. The Angelus The Angel of the Lord declared unto Mary, and she conceived of the Holy Spirit. Hail Mary, full of grace, the Lord is with Thee. . . . Behold the handmaid of the Lord. May it be done unto me according to Your word. Hail Mary, full of grace, the Lord is with Thee. . . . And the word was made flesh, and dwelt among us. Hail Mary, full of grace, the Lord is with Thee. . . . Pray for us, oh holy Mother of God, that we may be made worthy of the promises of Christ. Let us pray: Pour forth, we beseech Thee, O Lord, Thy grace into our hearts. That we to whom the Incarnation of Christ, thy Son, was made known by the message of an angel, may by His passion and cross, be brought to the glory of His resurrection, through the same Christ Our Lord. Amen. Stay with me, Lord. Prayer of St. Pio of Pietrelcina after Holy Communion Stay with me, Lord, for it is necessary to have You present so that I do not forget You. You know how easily I abandon You. Stay with me, Lord, because I am weak and I need Your strength, that I may not fall so often. Stay with me, Lord, for You are my life, and without You, I am without fervor. Stay with me, Lord, for You are my light, and without You, I am in darkness. Stay with me, Lord, to show me Your will. Stay with me, Lord, so that I hear Your voice and follow You. Stay with me, Lord, for I desire to love You very much, and always be in Your company. Stay with me, Lord, if You wish me to be faithful to You. Stay with me, Lord, for as poor as my soul is, I want it to be a place of consolation for You, a nest of love. Stay with me, Jesus, for it is getting late and the day is coming to a close, and life passes; death, judgment, eternity approaches. It is necessary to renew my strength, so that I will not stop along the way and for that, I need You. It is getting late and death approaches, I fear the darkness, the temptations, the dryness, the cross, the sorrows. O how I need You, my Jesus, in this night of exile! Stay with me tonight, Jesus, in life with all its dangers. I need You. Let me recognize You as Your disciples did at the breaking of the bread, so that the Eucharistic Communion be the Light which disperses the darkness, the force which sustains me, the unique joy of my heart. Stay with me, Lord, because at the hour of my death, I want to remain united to You, if not by communion, at least by grace and love. Stay with me, Jesus, I do not ask for divine consolation, because I do not merit it, but the gift of Your Presence, oh yes, I ask this of You! Stay with me, Lord, for it is You alone I look for, Your Love, Your Grace, Your Will, Your Heart, Your Spirit, because I love You and ask no other reward but to love You more and more. With a firm love, I will love You with all my heart while on earth and continue to love You perfectly during all eternity. Amen. Prayer for the Intercession of St. Pio of Pietrelcina Dear God, You generously blessed Your servant, St. Pio of Pietrelcina, with the gifts of the Spirit. You marked his body with the five wounds of Christ Crucified, as a powerful witness to the saving Passion and Death of Your Son. Endowed with the gift of discernment, St. Pio labored endlessly in the confessional for the salvation of souls. With reverence and intense devotion in the celebration of Mass, he invited countless men and women to a greater union with Jesus Christ in the Sacrament of the Holy Eucharist. Through the intercession of St. Pio of Pietrelcina, I confidently beseech You to grant me the grace of (here state your petition). Glory be to the Father… (three times). Amen. Efficacious Novena To The Sacred Heart Of Jesus (This novena prayer was recited every day by Padre Pio for all those who asked his prayers) I. O my Jesus, You have said, ‘Truly I say to you, ask and it will be given you, seek and you will find, knock and it will be opened to you.’ Behold, I knock, I seek and ask for the grace of… Our Father… Hail Mary… Glory be to the Father… Sacred Heart of Jesus, I place all my trust in you. II. O my Jesus, You have said, ‘Truly I say to you, if you ask anything of the Father in my name, He will give it to you.’ Behold, in Your name, I ask the Father for the grace of… Our Father… Hail Mary… Glory be to the Father… Sacred Heart of Jesus, I place all my trust in you. III. O my Jesus, You have said, ‘Truly I say to you, heaven and earth will pass away but my words will not pass away.’ Encouraged by Your infallible words, I now ask for the grace of… Our Father… Hail Mary… Glory be to the Father… Sacred Heart of Jesus, I place all my trust in you. O Sacred Heart of Jesus, for whom it is impossible not to have compassion on the afflicted, have pity on us poor sinners and grant us the grace which we ask of You, through the Sorrowful and Immaculate heart of Mary, Your tender mother and ours. Hail, Holy Queen… St. Joseph, foster father of Jesus, pray for us Prayer to the Sacred Heart of Jesus O Sacred Heart of Jesus, filled with infinite love, broken by my ingratitude, pierced by my sins, yet loving me still; accept the consecration that I make to You of all that I am and all that I have. Take every faculty of my soul and body and draw me, day by day, nearer and nearer to Your Sacred Heart, and there, as I can understand the lesson, teach me Your blessed ways. Amen. Visit to the Most Blessed Sacrament Padre Pio recited this prayer daily. It was written by St. Alphonsus Liguori. O my Lord Jesus Christ, who for the love You bear mankind, remain night and day in this Sacrament, all full of tenderness and love, expecting and receiving all those who come to visit You: I believe that You are present in the Sacrament of the altar; I adore You from the depths of my own nothingness and thank You for all the favors You have bestowed upon me; and especially for having given me Yourself in this Sacrament, and Your holy Mother Mary as my Advocate; and for having called me to visit You in this church. I pay homage this day to Your most loving Heart and this I intend to do for three intentions: first, in thanksgiving for this great gift; secondly, in reparation for all the insults You have received from Your enemies in this Sacrament; thirdly, by this visit I intend to adore You in all places upon the earth, where You are least adored and most neglected in Your Sacrament. My Jesus, I love You with my whole heart. I repent of having in the past so many times displeased Your infinite goodness. I intend, with the help of Your grace never more to offend You in the future; and at the present, wretched as I am, I consecrate myself wholly to You. I give You, and utterly renounce, my entire will, all my affections, all my desires, and all that I possess. From this day forth, do with me and with all that is mine whatever is pleasing in Your sight. I ask and desire only Your holy love, final perseverance and the perfect fulfillment of Your will. I commend to You the souls in purgatory, especially those who were most devoted to this Blessed Sacrament and to the Blessed Virgin Mary. I commend to You in like manner all poor sinners. Finally, my dear Savior, I unite all my affections with those of Your most loving Heart, and thus united I offer them to Your eternal Father, and I pray to Him in Your name graciously to accept and answer them for love of You. A Prayer for Trust and Confidence in God’s Mercy by St. Pio of Pietrelcina O Lord, we ask for a boundless confidence and trust in Your divine mercy, and the courage to accept the crosses and sufferings which bring immense goodness to our souls and that of Your Church. Help us to love You with a pure and contrite heart, and to humble ourselves beneath Your cross, as we climb the mountain of holiness, carrying our cross that leads to heavenly glory. May we receive You with great faith and love in Holy Communion, and allow You to act in us as You desire for your greater glory. O Jesus, most adorable Heart and eternal fountain of Divine Love, may our prayer find favor before the Divine Majesty of Your heavenly Father. A Prayer by St. Pio of Pietrelcina May your heart always be the temple of the Holy Spirit. May Jesus always be the helmsman of your little spiritual ship. May Mary be the star which shines on your path and may she show you the safe way to reach the Heavenly Father. Amen. Divine Praises divine-praises Blessed be God. Blessed be his Holy Name. Blessed be Jesus Christ, true God and true man. Blessed be the name of Jesus. Blessed be his most Sacred Heart. Blessed be his most Precious Blood. Blessed be Jesus in the most Holy Sacrament of the Altar. Blessed be the Holy Spirit, the Paraclete. Blessed be the great Mother of God, Mary most holy. Blessed be her holy and Immaculate Conception. Blessed be her glorious Assumption. Blessed be the name of Mary, Virgin and Mother. Blessed be Saint Joseph, her most chaste spouse. Blessed be God in his angels and in his saints. Act of Contrition O my God, I am heartily sorry for having offended Thee, and I detest all my sins because of Thy just punishments, but most of all because they offend Thee, my God, who art all good and deserving of all my love. I firmly resolve, with the help of Thy grace, to sin no more and to avoid the near occasions of sin. Amen. Return To Top Hail Mary Hail Mary, Full of Grace, The Lord is with thee. Blessed art thou among women, and blessed is the fruit of thy womb, Jesus. Holy Mary, Mother of God, pray for us sinners now, and at the hour of death. Amen. Hail Holy Queen Hail Holy Queen, Mother of Mercy, our life, our sweetness and our hope. To you do we cry, poor banished children of Eve. To you do we send up our sighs, mourning and weeping in this valley of tears. Turn then, O most gracious advocate, your eyes of mercy toward us. And after this our exile show unto us the blessed fruit of your womb, Jesus. O clement, O loving, O sweet Virgin Mary. Pray for us, O holy Mother of God, that we may be made worthy of the promises of Christ. Amen. Regina Coeli Queen of heaven, rejoice, alleluia: For He whom you merited to bear, alleluia, Has risen, as He said, alleluia. Pray for us to God, alleluia. Rejoice and be glad, O Virgin Mary, alleluia. For Our Lord hath risen indeed, alleluia. Memorare Remember, O most gracious Virgin Mary, that never was it known that anyone who fled to your protection, implored your help, or sought your intercession, was left unaided. Inspired by this confidence, I fly unto you, O Virgin of Virgins, my Mother. To you do I come, before you I stand, sinful and sorrowful. O Mother of the Word Incarnate, despise not my petitions, but in your mercy hear and answer me. Amen Prayer After The Rosary O God, whose only begotten Son, by His life, death and resurrection, has purchased for us the rewards of eternal salvation; grant, we beseech Thee, that, while meditating upon these mysteries of the most Holy Rosary of the Blessed Virgin Mary, we may imitate what they contain and obtain what they promise, through the same Christ our Lord, Amen. May the Divine Assistance remain always with us, and may the souls of the faithful departed, through the mercy of God, rest in peace. Amen Prayer to the Blessed Virgin “Oh Mary, conceived without sin, pray for us who have recourse to thee. Amen. The Prayer of St Francis Prayer of St. Francis Lord, make me an instrument of your peace, Where there is hatred, let me sow love; Where there is injury, pardon; Where there is doubt, faith; Where there is despair, hope; Where there is darkness, light; Where there is sadness, joy. O Divine Master, grant that I may not so much seek to be consoled, as to console; to be understood, as to understand; to be loved, as to love. For it is in giving that we receive. It is in pardoning that we are pardoned, and it is in dying that we are born to Eternal Life. Amen. Prayer to St. Michael the Archangel St. Michael the Archangel, defend us in battle. Be our defense against the wickedness and snares of the Devil. May God rebuke him, we humbly pray, and do thou, O Prince of the heavenly hosts, by the power of God, thrust into hell, Satan, and all the evil spirits, who prowl about the world seeking the ruin of souls. Amen. Padre Pio’s Prayer to the Guardian Angel Angel of God, my guardian, to whom the goodness of the Heavenly Father entrusts me. Enlighten, protect and guide me Now and for ever. Amen. A Prayer to Jesus by St. Pio of Pietrelcina Oh my Jesus, give me Your strength when my weak nature rebels against the distress and suffering of this life of exile, and enable me to accept everything with serenity and peace. With my whole strength I cling to Your merits, Your sufferings, Your expiation, and Your tears, so that I may be able to cooperate with You in the work of salvation. Give me strength to fly from sin, the only cause of Your agony, Your sweat of blood, and Your death. Destroy in me all that displeases You and fill my heart with the fire of Your holy love and all Your sufferings. Clasp me tenderly, firmly, close to You that I may never leave You alone in Your cruel Passion. I ask only for a place of rest in Your Heart. Amen. To Jesus by St. Pio of Pietrelcina Lord, God of my heart, You alone know and see all my troubles. You alone are aware that all my distress springs from my fear of losing You, of offending You, from my fear of not loving You as much as I should love and desire to love You. If You, to whom everything is present and who alone can see the future, know that it is for Your greater glory and for my salvation that I should remain in this state, then let it be so. I don’t want to escape from it. Give me the strength to fight and to obtain the prize due to strong souls. A Prayer by St. Pio of Pietrelcina May Jesus comfort you in all your afflictions. May He sustain you in dangers, watch over you always with His grace, and indicate the safe path that leads to eternal salvation. And may He render you always dearer to His Divine Heart and always more worthy of Paradise. Amen. A Spiritual Communion At various times during the day, Padre Pio would pause and pray, making a spiritual communion. Jesus, truly present in the Most Blessed Sacrament, I love You above all things and I desire to possess You within my soul. Since I am unable at this moment to receive You sacramentally, come at least spiritually into my heart. I embrace You as being already there, and unite myself wholly to You. Never permit me to be separated from You. Amen. NOVENA AL SAGRADO CORAZÓN DE JESÚS [1] I Oh, Jesús mío, que dijiste: "En verdad os digo, pedid y obtendréis, buscad y encontrareis, llama y os abrirán" -He ahí porque yo llamo, yo busco, yo pido la gracia: (mencione el favor que desea) Padre Nuestro, Ave María y Gloria. Sagrado Corazón de Jesús, confío en Ti. II Oh, Jesús mío, que dijiste: "En verdad os dijo todo aquello que pidiereis en mi nombre a mi Padre, El os lo concederá" -He ahí porque al Eterno Padre, en Tu nombre, yo pido la gracia... Padre Nuestro, Ave María y Gloria. Sagrado Corazón de Jesús, confío en Ti. III Oh, Jesús mío, que dijiste: "En verdad os digo, pasarán los cielos y la tierra, pero mis palabras jamas" -He ahí que basándome en la infalibilidad de tus santas palabras, yo pido la gracia... Padre Nuestro, Ave María y Gloria. Sagrado Corazón de Jesús, confío en Ti. Oración final Oh, Sagrado Corazón de Jesús, al cual es imposible no sentir compasión por los infelices, ten piedad de nosotros pobres pecadores y concédenos las gracias que pedimos por medio del inmaculado, Corazón de María, tu y nuestra tierna Madre. San José, Padre Putativo del Sagrado Corazón de Jesús, ruega por nosotros. Dios te salve... ACORDAOS Acordaos ¡oh sagrado Corazón de Jesús! de todo lo que habéis hecho por salvar nuestras almas, y no las dejéis perecer. Acordaos del eterno e inmenso amor que habéis tenido por ellas; no rechacéis estas almas que vienen a Vos, agobiadas bajo el peso de sus miserias oprimidas bajo el de tantos dolores. Conmoveos a la vista de nuestra debilidad, de los peligros que nos rodean por todas partes, de los males que nos hacen suspirar y gemir. Llenas de confianza y amor, venimos a vuestro Corazón, corno el corazón del mejor de los padres, del más tierno y más compasivo amigo. Recibidnos, ¡oh Corazón sagrado! en vuestra infinita ternura; hacednos sentir los efectos de vuestra compasión y de nuestro amor; sed nuestro apoyo, nuestro mediador cerca de vuestro Padre, y en nombre de vuestra preciosa sangre y de vuestros méritos, concedednos la fuerza en nuestras debilidades, consuelo en nuestras penas, y la gracia de amaros en el tiempo y de poseeros en la eternidad. Corazón de Jesús, yo vengo a Vos porque sois mi único refugio, mi sola pero cierta esperanza; Vos sois el remedio de todos mis males, el alivio de todas mis miserias, la reparación de todas mis faltas, la seguridad de todas mis peticiones, la fuente infalible e inagotable para mi, y para todos la luz, fuerza, constancia, paz y bendición. Estoy seguro que no os cansaréis de mí y que no cesaréis de amarme, protegerme y ayudarme, porque me amáis con un amor infinito. Tened piedad de mi, según vuestra gran misericordia, y haced de mí, por mi, y en mí todo lo que queráis, porque yo me abandono a Vos con una entera confianza de que Vos no me abandonaréis jamás. Así sea. ORACIÓN ANTE UNA IMAGEN DEL SAGRADO CORAZÓN Oh amantísimo Jesús, como expresión de mi gratitud y en satisfacción de mis pecados yo, N…, os doy mi corazón. Me consagro enteramente a Vos y me propongo nunca más ofenderos o despreciar vuestra santa gracia. 1. Esta oración la recitaba diariamente por el beato Padre Pío por todos aquellos que le solicitaban que rezara por sus intenciones

Augmented Reality AR revolution! - briefly explained by @AlfredoSahagun EnglishSpanishOnline@gmail.com for @3nglishOnline

The Augmented Reality Revolution .. is here, and it´s here to stay. Some still are unfamiliar with what will be driving our future world, our visions will be “augmented”, meaning a lot of work will be put into making an overlay of graphics into you physical surroundings to make it more functional. The AR technology means introducing intelligently placed and selected useful information into your vision-relation with your real physical world. Eventually the idea is to browse live. As if you were browsing online on the web but doing it on your real life´s physical world. This technology is relatively new, but back in the early 90s it was already started to be used in Industries´ Manufacturing, then the popular use for sports as American Football or Hockey. The true first popular uses of AR in our lives have been already here for some time, and people have gotten use to them quickly. Can you picture in the American football games that orange-yellow line that comes overlaying the image to mark the yards, well that´s AR and it´s been there for over 20 years almost, and also the hockey puck with the hot fire tale. But eventually with the quick synergy of open source technologies Augmented Reality has started to really augment these interfaces and now hardware is being thought to display the new and more complex software being developed. So Smartphones, AR glasses, bionic contact lenses, bio-tech as the health chip, any wearable sensor tech gadget (i.e. Health, Polar, Garmin), also BMW is pioneering with car-models using AR potential, being connected and developing of Internet of Things (IoT wifi devices interconnectivity), eventually can aid to input information instantaneously that might be used for you Augmented Reality visual device, in whichever form it´s on you, Nano-tech contact lenses, e-glasses, headsets, or any of the already many examples on the market. Real time 3D manuals. At the moment it´s still more of a Marketing Strategy because AR software (browsers, interfaces) and hardware are still at initial stage, so MRW, Google, LEGO and even IKEA have had their product-related try-outs these recent past few years. AR gadgets already in the market are: Microsoft´s has a 3000$ dollar HDU (Head Up Display and improvement from the HMD Head Mounted Display) named HoloLens HeadSet, which field of view is still far from 360. And, the LA-based Co. DAQRI has also their Augmented Reality Headset. And, the Google Glasses (which were over-estimated) using the CrowdOptic app for triangulation of GPS position megadata, those are lenses. Even a VRD or virtual retinal display personal display device. The EyeTap (also known as Generation-2 Glass. Or the newest MEMS sensors six degrees of freedom accelerometer gyroscope digital compasses which SLAM trackers as PTAM are using. Commercial uses are starting to be a success. And even a new Spatial Augmented Reality (SAR) is starting to be developed from the hollow-projection of objects around. Games have also pioneered the AR usage, for example Ingress is trying to develop holographic AR for moving chess pieces, or actually moving pin over yahoo map, or using a head set to throw a hollow-land to play in a 3d virtual world, eventually the aim would be to creating hollow-mapping of all over the places, to integrate physical world without virtual functionality possibilities, picture you could take a practical online course by actually physically moving yourself, using your arms and hands over holographic machinery to learn fix, or operate surgeries, or simply doing home maintenance or car repairs fully tutored by a holographic rendered 3D helping overlying image. This is coming up people. Manipulation of 3d objects that aren´t physically in your hands. The challenges that are coming along AR are the hardware, the batteries for the hardware, and the uploading and systematic integration of tons megadata called ARML or Augmented Reality Markup Language which operates as the standard for the OGC Open Geospatial Consortium, all this info now called bigdata information to lead and enhance the functionality of this technology, and many other challenges to surpass still. For instance, it can be used for weather information just by focusing at the sky, also pointing at a bus or train it might recognize it number, route, trajectory and attached intelligently and accordingly to make you take your decisions, you can browse now inside museums and get extra information, or you can also use for hotel rooms, or planning your real-state, or planning your office-space. It will be plainly “convenient”. At the end, the computer vision, the AR, is the renaissance of vision, and information will be relay into our vision, AMW is bring a tri-dimensional AR. As always Our Minds are the only boundaries! And we are about to make our enhanced vision a stepping stone for a new reality. Sources: www.theverge.com www.hiddenltd.com www.mashable.com www.wikipedia.com www.youtube.com Augmented Reality AR revolution! - briefly explained by @AlfredoSahagun EnglishSpanishOnline@gmail.com for @3nglishOnline

Media Streaming vs Traditional TV written by @AlfredoSahagun for @3nglishOnline content writers EnglishSpanishOnline@gmail.com

Media Streaming is our Present!!! One of the major examples of successful video streaming would be Netflix. Which started using IE plugin hosted on Windows Media Player back in 2007, but today it has more than 80million devices, adapted to consoles, smartphones, smart-TVs, any device that would be connected to the internet. So it has grown as the current Tech has allowed them for the last 10 or so years. Nonetheless, Music Streaming History is way older than Video Streaming. Perhaps the most successful video-streaming experience has been YouTube. According to YouTube America´s Top Stream TV star Mathew Santoro, who sates the Streaming media is the future of television. He just recently started to make videos 6 years ago en 2010, the first 4 of which he didn´t get any rent from it, but since 2014 when his channel4 project went up from the initial 15.000 viewers to almost 5 million subscribers then he made it his business. He thinks TV is dying. Me? I´m more of a generation X from the 80s, or Gen Y 90s. And I can agree that I don´t traditional TV even a quarter of the quantity of time, though they may be the same shows but I prefect to see them streamed when I please. TV will always be influencing somehow, especially its advertising marketing, it will evolve too, as of the digital media, but overall as Mathew says TV might be dying. Think how much Millennials devote time to their TV schedules or pay on-demand vs. all the time viewing free content online, commenting and being virtually-social about it, streaming on and from their phones, tables, smart TVs. Traditional TV media has completely declined for them. You have Netflix, Hulu, Apple music and apple TV, Vimeo, YouTubeRed, Amazon, etc.. And they´re far more interactive and way more customizable. In fact, I don’t watch any cable anymore nor the on-demand since I have my media online streaming through my Wi-Fi device to wards my Televisions. Digital advertising is bound to go up. Now since 2016 the Add spent in digital advertising is outweighing money spent on TV advertising, therefore, future media is really shifting to the conventional stream. YouTube is the home of many eActor, digital Actors or Virtual Actors. WWE is another renowned digital channel of the streaming era. The era of the 4K digital streaming started in 2013, now were focusing on better content, Brief history and Milestones of a successful Video streaming example as it is Netflix. Netflix launched already 4K media content said Netflix´s CEO Redd Hastings in an “amazing progress”. Also the company and many of its competitors are commissioning TV shows and series for business and further marketing. All these can be done in now both in 4K UHD (Ultra High Definition) vs. 1080p Streaming for projections, Smart TVs, Tables, Smartphones and any other devices. Also hardware as TV boxes, or TV sticks are highly demanded in the last few years as the Amazon Fire TV Streaming 4K box is one of the favorites, and Apple TV box too. What have been achieved, the basic 4K hardware TVs’ and Wi-Fi platforms are set- built-in. And the basic free services are coming in most brands of Televisions, basic browsers, and the YouTube, hulu, amazon, and Netflix free services. Of course all these, have their premium line of product, but in hardware and in streaming content. These are still being developed and trying to di At this point in 2016, the challenge is the standardization and the improvement of the user interface and improvement of the content. Regarding the product standardization, regulation and user-focused rules of the industry. The smart TVs bring Wi-Fi platforms with already installed software interface built-in including streaming media channels (the deals already has been done with) big players as Fox, Direct Tv, Comcast, Netflix 4K, Hulu, YouTube Red, Amazon Prime, Apple and other. Another challenge is about UHD 4K content, there just isn´t too much yet. And the ergonomic moving recognition interface for user-control comfort. Let´s now analyze the rules and regulations of the hardware to standardize this technologies, the Blu-ray is already dying too, the Standardization challenge is basically between two HDU-4K decodecs (coDEC DECoders) which are the H.265 HEVC decoder and the most used Google´s VP9 codec used in Youtube, but this situation is already being dealt with, within a year decodec policies will be too taken care of with the convergence of the OS Tizen platform for developing content. At CES 2015 we saw the speed of processing and the interface speed and change to go from traditional cable TV to digital streaming to games to whatever the built-in platform may bring. But there´s a big challenge and a big effort put already into the convergence of devices and or standardization from all screened devices. Therefore People, We are way past the physical media era, we are in the digital media era! Media Streaming vs Traditional TV by @AlfredoSahagun for @3nglishOnline content writers EnglishSpanishOnline@gmail.com

ANGEL FALLS STORY OF CANAIMA NATIONAL PARK ! ! ! revisited ...

Though The legend says that the name Angel Falls derives from the miraculous saintly figure that once appeared to a Pemon Indian in the mist of cascade water. But the truth far from heavenly is as mundane as the search for gold and diamonds in this rich Amazonian-Venezuelan South-Land. Back in 1921 the Canadian First World War pilot "James Angel" aka Jimmy, known drunkard and gold-adventurer down in SouthAmerica, was hired by geologist and explorer of name J. R. McCracken, to search for gold where none had gone before. It was so that Jimmy Angel reached without map the area known today as Canaima and managed to land his plane on top of one of the Tepuis. McCracken proceeded out of the plane to pan a river and find it full of gold nuggets. The story goes that they loaded so much on the plane that when it nosed off the cliff it plunged a thousand of feet before Angel could level it. As they returned to Caracas Jimmy was paid the generous sum of 3000$. Angel became obsessed with the Rivers of Gold, but without the proper map it was hard to find his mountain. It wasn’t till 1933 that Angel while at his favorite Caracas bar claimed to have seen the highest waterfall in the world. He said that his altimeter read around 6.000 ft. A mile high waterfall. On a later flight, in 1937 Angel attempted landing on the Auyan-Tepui, but his small Flamingo plane, the ´Rio Caroní´ didn’t make it, and together with his wife and a Venezuelan explorer took him eleven days to find a way down the mountain, eventually reaching the Kamarata mission. Jimmy died in 1956, his ashes were scattered over the falls, and in 1970, the Venezuelan Air Force rescued the rusting ´Rio Caroní´ from the top of the Auyan. Two choppers brought it to Maracay military city of Venezuela where it now rests in a plane museum. This is the city where I´ve been living with my baby girl for the last 8 years. The true name given by the native "Pemons": "Kerepakupai" means the deepest place, and "Meru" means falls. The whole place where there million-year table plateaus named "tepuys" rest is named the Great Plains, or Great Savanna, although us Venezuelans fell too proud of our country´s natural treasure they belong to all the world. They have been here before the Spanish-Portuguese conquest, and even before their original inhabitants the Yanomami first settled on the near-beys of river that flows down from the Angel Falls or Kerepakupai Meru. The 979m-tall waterfall flows from Auyantepui mountain into the Cañón del Diablo, a steep canyon surrounded by Amazon´s tropical forest, which is totally different at 1km high than down at grown level, totally different rock formation due to the wind, and vegetation due to the climate. Even of animal, insect species. @3nglishOnline Instituto Integral de Formación en Idiomas IIFI

Psychology Research Studies Comparative Methodologies by Alfred Sahagun

Psychology Study Methodologies Comparison in Obedience in Psychology Milgram's Shock Study vs. Hofling´s Doctor Nurse Obedience Experiment in Psychology. Abstract The following essay will discuss different Research Studies in which there were similar or different the methodologies applied the settings of the experimentation and the results of two of the most renowned experiments in the psychological science dealing with Obedience, Milgram's Shock Study and Hofling´s Nurse Obedience Experiment. Introduction In order to best access, evaluate, and interpret research studies reports and findings, we must have a solid use of descriptive statistics as well as sound mathematics; with them the empiric work needed to sustain or deny a proven hypothesis and thus make it into a theory is possible. Without the right and most correct methodology for each research study then the conclusion can tend to be non-conclusive, or simple skewed or biased in some aspects. Therefore, definitely a very important skill is the ability to critically evaluate the research and the methodologies chosen and used by other professional colleagues. In this essay I will focus on how to master than ability of assessing different and most important reasonable comparable research studies. For this I have located two very well-respected and re-known research experimentations studies from their primary sources, both from the same area of Psychological testing and experimentation. When we looked at the methodology sections of both chosen studies we found more similarities than differences. Both applied the Scientific Method of Empiric Observation Recording of Results of the field Experiment. Both applied the experiment to un-aware subjects, though in the case of Milgram´s study the experiment was a little more ambitious and complicated since Doctor Milgram decided to do the case study on two different sets or populations with different programmed settings. When analyzed the methods of both studies, it was found out that both were Field Experiments, in that sense and usually within the Psychology Ground-breaking Research studies, most methodology for research studies is based on the results observations of the different pre-conceived. When comparing the results sections, and that´s the reason why two similar psychological reports were chosen, the results, though in very different field areas like the Education Area (Classroom field setting) and the Hospital Care (Hospital Inpatients setting) it was shocking how in both cases the experiments results matched, in both what was expected to be the reasonable common expected result was opposed, and shocking that both Educator Facilitators were ready to inflict to higher levels of punishment and similarly Nurses were ready to administer excess dosage to patients just for the sake of following orders from a superior, perhaps even depositing their own morale decision on the transference to the command. It´s interesting to point out that Mr. Milgram was trying to answer the question, whether those Nazi official should be judge as guilty of reason or if they operated mostly out of obedience to the system, albeit their own ethical and moral value judgments. The chosen studies were selected due their implications in my area of Master's specialization which is Psychology and its experimentation methodologies and results conclusions and interpretations. EXPERIMENT NUMBER 1: MILGRAM´S OBIDIENCE. Introduction One of the most famous studies of obedience in psychology was carried out by Stanley Milgram in the years of Post war in 1963. Stanley Milgram, a Yale University psychologist conducted an experiment on the conflict between obedience to authority and personal conscience. What is the focus of the researcher's work: The Conflict between obedience to authority and personal conscience. The stated purpose for the Research Study was to prove the Obedience of an Experimented Subject versus his or her own free will to decide whether to follow a rule that seemed unethical. In fact, it´s been said that Dr. Milgram´s experiment had the final objective of shunning some light into the subject of the Military trials held at that time for ex-Nazi officers found and fleeing. In other words, he attempted to examine the justifications for acts of genocide offered by those accused at the World War II, Nuremberg War Criminal trials. Their defense often was based on "obedience" - that they were just following orders from their superiors. The experiments began in July 1961, a year after the trial of Adolf Eichmann in Jerusalem. Milgram devised the experiment to answer the question "Could it be that Eichmann and his million accomplices in the Holocaust were just following orders? Could we call them all accomplices?" (Milgram, 1974). The experiment Milgram first described his research in 1963 in an article published in the Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology and later discussed his findings in greater depth in his 1974 book, Obedience to Authority: An Experimental View. The experiments began in the basement of Linsly-Chittenden Hall at Yale University in July 1961, three months after the start of the trial of German Nazi war criminal Adolf Eichmann in Jerusalem. The experiment worked basically in three individuals participated, the one running the experiment (E- Experimenter/Scientist), the subject of the experiment (a volunteer/teacher/punisher role), and a confederate pretending to be a volunteer (an actor in truth). The procedure was that the subject-participant was paired with another person and they drew lots to find out who would be the ‘learner’ and who would be the ‘teacher’. The draw was fixed so that the participant was always the teacher, and the learner was one of Milgram’s confederate actors pretending to be a real participant. The research question was: If the subject would apply unethical or uncomfortable electric shocks to an actor-patience just in order to follow an authority. Milgram extended the results of his experiment toward the field of the Nazi soldiers who committed many inhuman and unethical acts perhaps mostly under the influence of a direct authority line. The main Problem trying to be solved would be the Conflict between obedience to authority and personal conscience. One of the Benefits of Dr. Milgram metohodology is that he designed an appropriate experiment and eventually in order to get sharper conclusions he devised many experiment variations, up to 18, first with women, then off-campus, then with companions, and many other, to try to get the most light shun on the subject. Why is it appropriate or why is it not? The way he chose random subjects was indeed atypical to say the least, he actually selected participants for his experiment by newspaper advertising for male participants to take part in a study of learning at Yale University. The experimenter, in this case the Scientific would order the teacher (subject of the Experiment named (T) to give what he or she believed were mild electric shocks to a learner (L), who is actually an allied actor to the Experimenter. The Milgram experiment on obedience to authority figures was a series of social psychology experiments conducted by Yale University by the psychologist Stanley Milgram. They measured the willingness of study participants, men from a diverse range of occupations with varying levels of education, to obey an authority figure who instructed them to perform acts conflicting with their personal conscience; the experiment found, unexpectedly, that a very high proportion of people were prepared to obey, albeit unwillingly, even if apparently causing serious injury and distress. These three people occupied three distinct roles: the Experimenter (an authoritative role), the Teacher (a role intended to obey the orders of the Experimenter), and the Learner (the recipient of stimulus from the Teacher). The subject and the actor both drew slips of paper to determine their roles, but unknown to the subject, both slips said "teacher". The actor would always claim to have drawn the slip that read "learner", thus guaranteeing that the subject would always be the "teacher". At this point, the "teacher" and "learner" were separated into different rooms where they could communicate but not see each other. In one version of the experiment, the confederate was sure to mention to the participant that he had a heart condition. At some point prior to the actual test, the "teacher" was given a sample electric shock from the electroshock generator in order to experience firsthand what the shock that the "learner" would supposedly receive during the experiment would feel like. The "teacher" was then given a list of word pairs that he was to teach the learner. The teacher began by reading the list of word pairs to the learner. The teacher would then read the first word of each pair and read four possible answers. The learner would press a button to indicate his response. If the answer was incorrect, the teacher would administer a shock to the learner, with the voltage increasing in 15-voltincrements for each wrong answer. If correct, the teacher would read the next word pair. The subjects believed that for each wrong answer, the learner was receiving actual shocks. In reality, there were no shocks. After the confederate was separated from the subject, the confederate set up a tape recorder integrated with the electroshock generator, which played prerecorded sounds for each shock level. After a number of voltage-level increases, the actor started to bang on the wall that separated him from the subject. After several times banging on the wall and complaining about his heart condition, all responses by the learner would cease. At this point, many people indicated their desire to stop the experiment and check on the learner. Some test subjects paused at 135 volts and began to question the purpose of the experiment. Most continued after being assured that they would not be held responsible. A few subjects began to laugh nervously or exhibit other signs of extreme stress once they heard the screams of pain coming from the learner. If at any time the subject indicated his desire to halt the experiment, he was given a succession of verbal prods by the experimenter, in this order: 1) Please continue. 2) The experiment requires that you continue. 3) It is absolutely essential that you continue. 4) You have no other choice, you must go on. And, if the subject still wished to stop after all four successive verbal prods, the experiment was halted. Otherwise, it was halted after the subject had given the maximum 450-volt shock three times in succession. Methods The Method set forth in Milgram´s Experiment, was the testing of a Hypothesis through the empirical evidenced recorded from many serial case study subject groups experimentation. The Methodology selected was direct scientific method, with observation, experiment planning and application with the Stanley Milgram Generator scale. In the experiment the learner, who was a confederate actor under the name of Mr. Wallace was taken into a room and had electrodes attached to his arms, and the teacher and researcher went into a room next door that contained an electric shock generator and a row of switches marked from 15 volts (Slight Shock) to 375 volts (Danger: Severe Shock) to 450 volts (XXX). Criticism to Methodology. Was there appropriate data collection methods? Charges of data manipulation. After an investigation of the test, Australian psychologist Gina Perry stated that Milgram had manipulated his results. "Overall, over half disobeyed," Perry stated. Why or why not? How do they fit with the methodology decisions made? Milgram argued (in Obedience to Authority: An Experimental View) that the ethical criticism provoked by his experiments was because his findings were disturbing and revealed unwelcome truths about human nature. Others have argued that the ethical debate has diverted attention from more serious problems with the experiment's methodology. Australian psychologist Gina Perry found an unpublished paper in Milgram's archives that shows Milgram's own concern with how believable the experimental set-up was to subjects involved. Milgram asked his assistant to compile a breakdown of the number of participants who had seen through the experiments. This unpublished analysis indicated that many subjects suspected that the experiment was a hoax, a finding that casts doubt on the veracity of his results. In the journal Jewish Currents, Joseph Dimow, a participant in the 1961 experiment at Yale University, wrote about his early withdrawal as a "teacher", suspicious "that the whole experiment was designed to see if ordinary Americans would obey immoral orders, as many Germans had done during the Nazi period.” Were the researcher's methodological decisions appropriate? I believe, yes, he fully applied a scientific method, with all the different steps, and a thorough recording of results and observations, to then be able to draw conclusion based on descriptive statistics. How about the appropriate participant recruitment? The choosing of the participants was far too random from newspaper advertising and the university campus setting made the methodology result somewhat doubtful. Data Sources Do these studies contain appropriate data sources? Experimentation always contains an off-set to reality that it´s hard to say or to measure until what degree an experiment might differ from a real event. And of results would be different then. The data gathered from Milgram´s is far more artificial than the data gathered from Holfling, given the environment of the experiment. On the other hand, the quantity of data and results achieved in all of Milgram´s Experiment Variation leads towards a clearer conclusion that the brief or small number of repetitions to get his data results. The Milgram Shock Experiment also raised questions about the research ethics of scientific experimentation because of the extreme emotional stress and inflicted insight suffered by the participants. In Milgram's defense, 84 percent of former participants surveyed later said they were "glad" or "very glad" to have participated; 15 percent chose neutral responses (92% of all former participants responding).[13] Many later wrote expressing thanks. Milgram repeatedly received offers of assistance and requests to join his staff from former participants. Six years later (at the height of the Vietnam War), one of the participants in the experiment sent correspondence to Milgram, explaining why he was glad to have participated despite the stress. Methods The Method set forth in Milgram´s Experiment, was the testing of a Hypothesis through the empirical evidenced recorded from many serial case study subject groups experimentation. The Methodology selected was direct scientific method, with observation, experiment planning and application with the Stanley Milgram Generator scale. In the experiment the learner, who was a confederate actor under the name of Mr. Wallace was taken into a room and had electrodes attached to his arms, and the teacher and researcher went into a room next door that contained an electric shock generator and a row of switches marked from 15 volts (Slight Shock) to 375 volts (Danger: Severe Shock) to 450 volts (XXX). Criticism to Methodology. Was there appropriate data collection methods? Charges of data manipulation. After an investigation of the test, Australian psychologist Gina Perry stated that Milgram had manipulated his results. "Overall, over half disobeyed," Perry stated. Why or why not? How do they fit with the methodology decisions made? Milgram argued (in Obedience to Authority: An Experimental View) that the ethical criticism provoked by his experiments was because his findings were disturbing and revealed unwelcome truths about human nature. Others have argued that the ethical debate has diverted attention from more serious problems with the experiment's methodology. Australian psychologist Gina Perry found an unpublished paper in Milgram's archives that shows Milgram's own concern with how believable the experimental set-up was to subjects involved. Milgram asked his assistant to compile a breakdown of the number of participants who had seen through the experiments. This unpublished analysis indicated that many subjects suspected that the experiment was a hoax, a finding that casts doubt on the veracity of his results. In the journal Jewish Currents, Joseph Dimow, a participant in the 1961 experiment at Yale University, wrote about his early withdrawal as a "teacher", suspicious "that the whole experiment was designed to see if ordinary Americans would obey immoral orders, as many Germans had done during the Nazi period.” Results Before conducting the experiment, Milgram polled fourteen Yale University senior-year psychology majors to predict the behavior of 100 hypothetical teachers. All of the poll respondents believed that only a very small fraction of teachers (the range was from zero to 3 out of 100, with an average of 1.2) would be prepared to inflict the maximum voltage. Milgram also informally polled his colleagues and found that they, too, believed very few subjects would progress beyond a very strong shock. He also reached out to honorary Harvard University graduate Chaim Homnick, who noted that this experiment would not be concrete evidence of the Nazis' innocence, due to fact that "poor people are more likely to cooperate." Milgram also polled forty psychiatrists from a medical school, and they believed that by the tenth shock, when the victim demands to be free, most subjects would stop the experiment. They predicted that by the 300-volt shock, when the victim refuses to answer, only 3.73 percent of the subjects would still continue and, they believed that "only a little over one-tenth of one percent of the subjects would administer the highest shock on the board.” As a synthesis of Milgram´s finding, it can be that in Milgram's first set of experiments, 65 percent (26 of 40) of experiment participants administered the experiment's final massive 450-volt shock, though many were very uncomfortable doing so; at some point, every participant paused and questioned the experiment; some said they would refund the money they were paid for participating in the experiment. Throughout the experiment, subjects displayed varying degrees of tension and stress. Subjects were sweating, trembling, stuttering, biting their lips, groaning, digging their fingernails into their skin, and some were even having nervous laughing fits or seizures. Resulting theories Milgram came up with two theories: The first is the “Theory of Conformism”, describing the fundamental relationship between the group of reference and the individual person. A subject, who has neither expertise nor the ability to make decisions, especially in a crisis, will leave the decision making to the group and its hierarchy. This experiment was based on Solomon Asch conformity experiments. Where the group as a whole or its hierarchy ends up being is the person's behavioral model. And the hierarchy referred to the scientist or experimenter giving the instruction. And, the second named the “Agentic State Theory” in which according to Milgram "the essence of obedience consists in the fact that a person comes to view themselves as the instrument for carrying out another person's wishes, and they therefore no longer see themselves as responsible for their actions. Once this critical shift of viewpoint has occurred in the person, all of the essential features of obedience follow”. In other words, the obedience based on being the Agent of another commanding person. Finally, 65% (two-thirds) of participants (i.e. teachers) continued to the highest level of 450 volts. All the participants continued to 300 volts. Milgram did more than one experiment – he carried out 18 variations of his study. All he did was altering the situation (IV) to see how this affected obedience (DV). Conclusions Ordinary people are likely to follow orders given by an authority figure, even to the extent of killing an innocent human being. Obedience to authority is ingrained in us all from the way we are brought up. People tend to obey orders from other people if they recognize their authority as morally right and or legally based. This response to legitimate authority is learned in a variety of situations, for example in the family, school and workplace. In Milgram´s own words he summed up in the article “The Perils of Obedience” published in 1974 he wrote: “The legal and philosophic aspects of obedience are of enormous import, but they say very little about how most people behave in concrete situations. I set up a simple experiment at Yale University to test how much pain an ordinary citizen would inflict on another person simply because he was ordered to by an experimental scientist … authority won more often than not. The extreme willingness of adults to go to almost any lengths on the command of an authority constitutes the chief finding of the study and the fact most urgently demanding explanation.” Once the hypothesis has been tested, recorded, tabulated results, then the thesis is made, and a Law can be developed, in the case of the social or soft science of Psychology we dond´t refer too much to Laws, they are more pertaining to the hard Sciences world (such as physics), therefore in the case of Milgrams' Conclusions he resulted in declaring his Milgram´s Agency Theory, where the agent behavior was over the individual one. Milgram later in 1974 explained the behavior of his participants by suggesting that people actually have two states of behavior when they are in a social situation: The first would be the autonomous state – people direct their own actions, and they take responsibility for the results of those actions. And the second the Agentic state – people allow others to direct their actions, and then pass off the responsibility for the consequences to the person giving the orders. In other words, they act as agents for another person’s will. EXPERIMENT No. 2: HOFLING´S NURSE OBIDIENCE The second chosen study was in the same field of psychology, and it was a similar study to make the comparison more logical and relevant. It was the renowned Hofling Hospital Experiment, where Dr. Hofling tried to determine the degree and level of Obedience of Nurses against h own free will. It is very similar to Dr. Milgram´s previously discussed experiente, research, method, and results, in the sense that both where analyzing until what degree an instruction from a superior, the obedience to the command is more relevant and important to follow than even the own personal thoughts, emotions, desires to either stop the punishment/or medical treatment or not to. Remember, to focus this comparative case study paper we must do a reasonable and in-depth analysis and evaluation of methodology applied to both studies. As introduction to this second compared methodology, and experiment I will briefly synthetize the key findings and debates of this experiment introduction. Let´s look at Holfling experiment: The context for this area of study is again the Psychology Experimentation Research Studies thorugh the Evaluation of the 6 steps scientific method. Brief description of Holflings Nurse Obedience study or also named The Hofling field hospital experiment which took place back in the year 1966 by the psychiatrist Charles K. Hofling who ran a field experiment attempting to measure the degree of obedience in the nurse-physician relationship. How did the experiment work? In this experiment the nurses were give directions and commands which at times contradicted their level of experience of knowledge on the patient’s condition, and it was recorded whether or not they chose to simply follow a physicians´ mandate or they would intervene with their own free will. The objective Hofling (1966) created a more realistic study of obedience than Milgram’s by carrying out field studies on nurses who were unaware that they were involved in an experiment. Basically the difference is that the nurses were already practitioner nurses in their work settings, while with Milgram they were merely volunteer setting at a university facility. Therefore the purpose or the Aim of Holfling research, as previously mentioned, to attempt to measure the level of obedience in the relationship among the nurses and physicians. Underlying Question? Whether Individual Experience and Thinking can interfere with a Superior´s Order. In the case of the Hospital Setting in the relation Nurse-Physician. Experiment. The was a naturalistic field experiment which involved 22 night-shift real nurses. An actor by the name of Dr. Smith, who worked as a stooge, would phone the nurses at hospital, on 22 separate occasions, and asked them to check to see if they had the drug Astroten. Then, Dr. Smith gave clear instructions of administering the drug to a patient. When the nurse checks the drug she can see that the maximum dosage is supposed to be 10mg. But the ‘Doctor’ told to administer 20mg of the drug to a patient called ‘Mr. Jones’. Dr. Smith was in a desperate hurry and he would sign the authorization form when he came to see Mr. Jones later on. The nurses were watched to see what they would do. The medication was not real, though the nurses thought it was. If the nurse administers the drug, they will have broken three hospital rules: 1. They are not allowed to accept instructions over the phone. 2. The dose was double the maximum limit stated on the box. 3. The medicine itself as unauthorized, meaning it was not on the hospital ward stock list. The drug itself was a harmless sugar pill invented just for the experiment. Applied Methodology The method or study methodology used again was a Scientific Methodology of Study Observation and Result Recording of a designed Field Experiment. In this field experiment specifically nurses were ordered by unknown doctors to administer what could have a dangerous dose been of sometime they just used a fictional drug or placebo to their patients without the knowledge of their caring nurse. For this psychological experiment it´s very common to use the Scientific Methodology of Observation of the Result of a Test or a Prepared Situation, where to measure simply one of two possible results, yes and no, administering the dose or holding on from it. Also, the study broke the ethical guideline of deception within the medical profession, as neither of the doctors was real. Now, let´s further discuss an in-depth evaluation of the methods adopted but on the Positive side. One of the undeniable benefits or strengths of this research study was that it has high levels of ecological validity, due to the fact it was conducted in a real life environment. Criticism to Research Methodology The pros of this Research Study Methodology or planned experiment at first sight seem to be: With Hofling it all occurred in the natural hospital setting. The situation in which they are tested is a normal one which they will have become used to in their daily jobs, increasing the reliability of the experiment and its ecological validity. On the other hand, the downside of these both experiments (which was later improved some by Dr. Hofling) was that the criticisms with regards to their internal validities. Internal validity is the extent to which the study is valid within itself, meaning if they would occur just the same under normal real life, real time, no observation circumstances, or was the results affected due to experimenter manipulation of other factors? Both Hofling and the discussed Milgram's study in particular were likely to have been influenced by 'demand characteristics', where participants act in a certain way based on what they feel was expected of them, changing their behavior to conform to the experimenter's expectations. Again, under my own perception of strengths or benefits of the chosen methodology was the following. Examining the limitations, drawback of the Case Observation Experiment methodology could have been that some Nurses were aware of the experiment, that the difference in Nurse Background, ethics, preparation, work motivation and so on, could have been more relevant towards their choosing trying to homologate as much as possible the conditions. I imagine that a Professional Nurse with deep personal or motivational issues could have been more prone towards hurting affection or less call it, less empathic towards abstaining them from suffering further or administering as according to the doctor. Even more, the behavior of the Nurses could have been seen as in accordance to what they perceived the examiner's expectations were. Thus, the internal validity would not have been affected by 'demand characteristics'. However, the experimenter did assume the identity of an unknown doctor a “Dr. Smith” and this may have influenced the reactions of the nurses in a way that wouldn't have necessarily been the case, had they knew the doctor they were dealing with. Furthermore, the obedience of the nurses can be put down to the fact that during the time in which the experiment was carried out, nurses were taught to obey doctors' orders and never to question them. For this reason, the nurses responses can be said to have been influenced by 'demand characteristics' In short, the methodology strengths were the ecological validity, and the Hofling did debrief the nurses after the experiment. And the Weakness were more the ethical guideline not followed, the no right to withdraw, no consent , and the deceiving of the nurses as the doctor was not real nor the medicine. The results The could have been alternative Results if the nurses had refused "Dr. Smith's" instructions for any one of several reasons: 1) The dosage they were instructed to administer was twice the recommended safe daily dosage; 2) Hospital protocol stated that nurses should only take instructions from doctors known to them; they should not have followed instructions given by an unknown doctor over the phone; 3) The drug was not on their list of drugs to be administered that day, and the paperwork required before drug administration had not been done. And, even though the experimental protocol was explained to a group of 12 nurses and 21 nursing students, who were asked to predict how many nurses would give the drug to the patient; a whole 10 of the twelve nurses and ALL the nursing students said they (The subject experimented) would not do it. However, in truth it was an astonishing contrary result. When a control group of other nurses were asked to discuss what they would do in a similar situation 21 out of 22 said they would not comply with the order. The nurses were thought to have allowed themselves to be deceived because of their high opinions of the standards of the medical profession. The study revealed the danger to patients that existed because the nurses' view of professional standards induced them to suppress their good judgment. Hofling experiment results concluded that people, staff in general perhaps, in the specific case nurses was and are very unwilling to challenge or question a supposed ‘authority’, even when they might have good reasons to do so. The results were basically absolute, in concluding that in spite of official guidelines forbidding administration of the drug in such circumstances, it was found that 21 out of the 22 nurses would have given the patient an overdose of medicine. Conclusions Whereas in truth, Hofling´s results were that from the selected 22 nurses at a hospital in the United States for the actual experiment. 21 out of 22 (95%) nurses were effortlessly ready to follow instructions by phone and administer the orders. They were not supposed to take instructions by phone, much less to exceed the allowed dosage prescribed in the bottle. The drug was a sugar-pill placebo. Therefore, the main reasonable conclusion from the 21 out of 22 nurses result or 95%, would be that virtually all subjects performing a task under some authority would be willing to simply follow “rules” perhaps by deposit the responsibility in their direct superiors, that the obedience of staff can be seen as total even in spite of their own personal knowledge or convictions. References Basic Psychiatric Concepts in Nursing (1960). Charles K. Hofling, Madeleine M. Leininger, Elizabeth Bregg. J. B. Lippencott, 2nd ed. 1967: ISBN 0-397-54062-0 Textbook of Psychiatry for Medical Practice edited by C. K. Hofling. J. B. Lippencott, 3rd ed. 1975: ISBN 0-397-52070-0 Aging: The Process and the People (1978). Usdin, Gene & Charles K. Hofling, editors. American College of Psychiatrists. New York: Brunner/Mazel Publishers The Family: Evaluation and Treatment (1980). ed. C. K. Hofling and J. M. Lewis, New York: Brunner/Mazel Publishers Law and Ethics in the Practice of Psychiatry (1981). New York: Brunner/Mazel Publishers, ISBN 0-87630-250-9 Custer and the Little Big Horn: A Psychobiographical Inquiry (1985). Wayne State University press, ISBN 0-8143-1814-2 Hofling, C. K., Brotzman, E., Dalrymple, S., Graves, N. & Bierce, C. (1966). An experimental study of nurse-physician relations. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 143, 171-180. https://explorable.com/stanley-milgram-experiment McLeod, S. A. (2008). Hofling Hospital Experiment. Retrieved from www.simplypsychology.org/hofling-obedience.html APPENDIX ANNEX 1 Interesting Newspaper Solicit for the Actors and Research Experiment Volunteers